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Next: Remote Procedure Call Up: Various Network Applications Previous: The tcpd access control
The services and protocols Files
The port numbers on which certain ``standard'' services are offered are defined in the ``Assigned Numbers'' RFC. To enable server and client programs to convert service names to these numbers, at least a part of the list is kept on each host; it is stored in a file called /etc/services. An entry is made up like this:
service port/protocol [aliases]
Here, service specifies the service name, port defines the
port the service is offered on, and protocol defines which
transport protocol is used. Commonly, this is either udp or
tcp. It is possible for a service to be offered for more
than one protocol, as well as offering different services on the same
port, as long as the protocols are different. The aliases field
allows to specify alternative names for the same service.
Usually, you don't have to change the services file that comes along with the network software on your system. Nevertheless, we give a small excerpt from that file below.
# The services file:
#
# well-known services
echo 7/tcp # Echo
echo 7/udp #
discard 9/tcp sink null # Discard
discard 9/udp sink null #
daytime 13/tcp # Daytime
daytime 13/udp #
chargen 19/tcp ttytst source # Character Generator
chargen 19/udp ttytst source #
ftp-data 20/tcp # File Transfer Protocol (Data)
ftp 21/tcp # File Transfer Protocol (Contr
telnet 23/tcp # Virtual Terminal Protocol
smtp 25/tcp # Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
nntp 119/tcp readnews # Network News Transfer Protoco
#
# UNIX services
exec 512/tcp # BSD rexecd
biff 512/udp comsat # mail notification
login 513/tcp # remote login
who 513/udp whod # remote who and uptime
shell 514/tcp cmd # remote command, no passwd use
syslog 514/udp # remote system logging
printer 515/tcp spooler # remote print spooling
route 520/udp router routed # routing information protocol
Note that, for example, the echo service is offered on
port 7 for both TCP and UDP, and that port 512 is used for two different
services, namely the COMSAT daemon (which notifies users of newly
arrived mail, see xbiff(1x)), over UDP, and for remote
execution (rexec(1)), using TCP.
Similar to the services file, the networking library needs a way to translate protocol names--- for example, those used in the services file--- to protocol numbers understood by the IP layer on other hosts. This is done by looking up the name in the /etc/protocols file. It contains one entry per line, each containing a protocol name, and the associated number. Having to touch this file is even more unlikely than having to meddle with /etc/services. A sample file is given below:
#
# Internet (IP) protocols
#
ip 0 IP # internet protocol, pseudo protocol
icmp 1 ICMP # internet control message protocol
igmp 2 IGMP # internet group multicast protocol
tcp 6 TCP # transmission control protocol
udp 17 UDP # user datagram protocol
raw 255 RAW # RAW IP interface
Next: Remote Procedure Call Up: Various Network Applications Previous: The tcpd access control Andrew Anderson
Thu Mar 7 23:22:06 EST 1996